Disruptions in human motivated behaviour, ranging from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to apathy, reflect abnormal integration of effort and reward valuation across human brain’s cortico-striatal networks. This project investigates the neural mechanisms underlying such dysregulation by combining electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computational and machine learning approaches. Using EEG spectral features and structural neuroimaging features, we identify relevant electrophysiological and anatomical predictors in ADHD and subclinical apathy. Together, these multimodal analyses examine the functional and structural substrates of effort-based decision-making, advancing a dimensional understanding of motivational control across clinical and healthy populations.